What to do when you get your report

The law is very straightforward. The Fair Credit Reporting Act gives all US consumers the right to receive one free report from the credit bureaus every year. The intention is to ensure that everyone understands their financial situation, takes precautions to fight identity theft, and gets (reasonably) fair treatment from all lenders. You have no right to receive your credit or FICO score. The problem is that every lender, insurance company and other company that uses the information about your finances applies a slightly different formula to work out your score. There is no one score to give you. All your get is your credit history. That's all the transactions recorded by the banks, finance companies, insurers, etc. The good or bad news, depending on your point of view, is that up to 40% of all reports contain one or more mistakes. The good news is that you can get these mistakes corrected. The bad news is that everyone has been calculating your creditworthiness and risk profile on the basis of bad information, sometimes for years.

How do you get these histories? There's a single federal site where you apply: www.annualcreditreport.com. There's also a toll-free number: 877-322-8228. If you approach the three major credit bureaus directly, i.e. Equifax, Experian and TransUnion, there's a chance you will be asked to pay. If you go to any other website, you will almost certainly be asked to pay to get your "free" reports. Use the federal site only to avoid problems. When you log on to the site, be prepared with your name, address, date of birth and social security number. You will also be asked for some other information only you would be expected to know, e.g. the amount you paid as the last mortgage instalment. Assuming you pass through the security system without problem, you will be give immediate access to your report. If you use the telephone system or write them a letter, expect to wait two more more weeks for a hard copy of the report to arrive.

If you find a mistake on your free credit report that affects your credit scores, you should act immediately. Write to the credit bureau and the reporting agency that filed the incorrect information using certified mail with return receipt requested, and explain in detail why the credit report is wrong. Send copies of the relevant bills, statements, cancelled checks and receipts - hopefully, you are well organized and have been keeping all these original documents and records in a safe place. If you are writing to report a case of identity theft with someone opening an account or falsely using your credit cards, make a police report and send a copy of that report to the bank, credit card company, etc. The bureau and reporting agency have thirty days to reply with the results of their investigation. If they agree with you, the information will be corrected. If they disagree, they must given reasons. In this way, you can ensure that all the information about you is both complete and accurate. With your records accurate, your FICO scores should improve.